Semantic HTML for Accessibility

Landmark Regions

Use semantic elements to create navigable regions.

Landmark Elements

function App() {
  return (
    <div>
      {/* Banner landmark */}
      <header>
        <nav aria-label="Main navigation">
          <ul>
            <li><a href="/">Home</a></li>
            <li><a href="/about">About</a></li>
          </ul>
        </nav>
      </header>

      {/* Main landmark */}
      <main>
        <article>
          <h1>Page Title</h1>
          <p>Content...</p>
        </article>

        <aside aria-label="Related content">
          <h2>Related</h2>
          <ul>
            <li><a href="/related1">Related 1</a></li>
          </ul>
        </aside>
      </main>

      {/* Contentinfo landmark */}
      <footer>
        <p>&copy; 2024 Company</p>
      </footer>
    </div>
  );
}

Landmark Roles

Multiple Landmarks

function App() {
  return (
    <div>
      <header>{/* Banner */}</header>
      
      <nav aria-label="Main">{/* Primary nav */}</nav>
      <nav aria-label="Footer">{/* Secondary nav */}</nav>
      
      <main>
        <article>{/* Article */}</article>
      </main>
      
      <aside aria-label="Sidebar">{/* Complementary */}</aside>
      
      <footer>{/* Content info */}</footer>
    </div>
  );
}

Skip Links

function SkipLink() {
  return (
    <a href="#main-content" className="skip-link">
      Skip to main content
    </a>
  );
}

function App() {
  return (
    <div>
      <SkipLink />
      <header>{/* ... */}</header>
      <main id="main-content">
        {/* ... */}
      </main>
    </div>
  );
}

Headings Hierarchy

Create a logical document outline.

Proper Heading Structure

function ArticlePage({ article }) {
  return (
    <article>
      <h1>{article.title}</h1>
      
      <section>
        <h2>Introduction</h2>
        <p>{article.intro}</p>
        
        <h2>Main Content</h2>
        <p>{article.content}</p>
        
        <h3>Subsection</h3>
        <p>{article.subsection}</p>
        
        <h3>Another Subsection</h3>
        <p>{article.another}</p>
      </section>
      
      <section>
        <h2>Conclusion</h2>
        <p>{article.conclusion}</p>
      </section>
    </article>
  );
}

Heading Levels

<h1> Main page title (one per page)
  <h2> Section title
    <h3> Subsection title
      <h4> Sub-subsection title
        <h5> Deep subsection
          <h6> Deepest subsection

Common Mistakes

// ❌ Skipping levels
<h1>Title</h1>
<h3>Subsection</h3> // Skipped h2

// ❌ Multiple h1s
<h1>Header</h1>
<h1>Page Title</h1> // Multiple h1s

// ❌ Using headings for styling
<h1 style={{ fontSize: '12px' }}>Small text</h1> // Wrong use

// ✅ Correct
<h1>Page Title</h1>
<h2>Section</h2>
<h3>Subsection</h3>

ARIA Headings

// When semantic headings aren't possible
<div role="heading" aria-level="2">
  Dynamic Section Title
</div>

// Or use aria-label
<section aria-labelledby="section-title">
  <h2 id="section-title">Section Title</h2>
  <p>Content...</p>
</section>

Lists and Navigation

Use proper list semantics for navigation.

Navigation Lists

function MainNav() {
  return (
    <nav aria-label="Main navigation">
      <ul>
        <li><a href="/">Home</a></li>
        <li><a href="/about">About</a></li>
        <li><a href="/products">Products</a></li>
      </ul>
    </nav>
  );
}

Breadcrumbs

function Breadcrumbs({ items }) {
  return (
    <nav aria-label="Breadcrumb">
      <ol>
        {items.map((item, index) => (
          <li key={item.href}>
            {index < items.length - 1 ? (
              <a href={item.href}>{item.label}</a>
            ) : (
              <span aria-current="page">{item.label}</span>
            )}
          </li>
        ))}
      </ol>
    </nav>
  );
}

// Usage
<Breadcrumbs items={[
  { href: '/', label: 'Home' },
  { href: '/products', label: 'Products' },
  { href: '/products/123', label: 'Product Name' },
]} />

Content Lists

function ProductFeatures({ features }) {
  return (
    <section>
      <h2>Features</h2>
      <ul>
        {features.map(feature => (
          <li key={feature.id}>
            <strong>{feature.title}:</strong> {feature.description}
          </li>
        ))}
      </ul>
    </section>
  );
}

Definition Lists

function ProductSpecs({ specs }) {
  return (
    <dl>
      {specs.map(spec => (
        <div key={spec.name}>
          <dt>{spec.name}</dt>
          <dd>{spec.value}</dd>
        </div>
      ))}
    </dl>
  );
}

Tab Panels

function Tabs({ tabs }) {
  const [activeTab, setActiveTab] = useState(0);

  return (
    <div>
      <div role="tablist" aria-label="Product tabs">
        {tabs.map((tab, index) => (
          <button
            key={tab.id}
            role="tab"
            id={`tab-${tab.id}`}
            aria-selected={index === activeTab}
            aria-controls={`panel-${tab.id}`}
            onClick={() => setActiveTab(index)}
          >
            {tab.label}
          </button>
        ))}
      </div>

      {tabs.map((tab, index) => (
        <div
          key={tab.id}
          role="tabpanel"
          id={`panel-${tab.id}`}
          aria-labelledby={`tab-${tab.id}`}
          hidden={index !== activeTab}
        >
          {tab.content}
        </div>
      ))}
    </div>
  );
}